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A new and debilitating virus called “sloth fever” has been discovered in Europe.
The European Center for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC) has confirmed 19 imported cases of the Oropouche virus (OROV) in June and July. Spain reported the highest number with 12 cases, followed by Italy with five, and Germany with two.
Originally identified in Trinidad and Tobago in 1955, OROV is an RNA virus transmitted by insects.
The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine says the virus primarily spreads to people through the bites of infected midges. While less common, mosquitoes can also carry the virus.
In July, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) issued a warning about a surge in reported virus cases across five countries: Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Cuba, and Colombia.
While the virus causing “sloth fever” has been linked to pale-throated sloths, non-human primates, and birds by The Lancet, the connection to sloths has captured the public’s attention. This nickname arose because the virus is prevalent in areas inhabited by sloths, which are carriers of various parasites and pathogens. However, it’s important to clarify that “sloth fever” is misleading; the virus is transmitted through insect bites, not direct contact with sloths, according to Carolina Goncalves, a pharmacist at Pharmica.
Why has it happened?
Dr. Enny Paixao, an associate professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, attributes the recent surge in oropouche virus cases to several potential factors. These include improved disease surveillance, climate change, environmental shifts, and possible alterations to the virus itself.
Paixao noted that climate change may be influencing the spread of oropouche virus, similar to its impact on other vector-borne diseases like dengue. Warmer temperatures can accelerate the life cycle of culicoides midges, a primary carrier of the virus in South America, alongside mosquitoes.
While oropouche virus is not new, the rapid increase in cases underscores the need for further research to understand the specific causes of this outbreak, according to Dr. Paixao.
“Without advancements in vaccine creation, effective mosquito and midge eradication, or a significant rise in natural immunity among the populations of Brazil and other affected nations, this neglected tropical disease will continue to be a problem.”
What are the symptoms of Sloth Fever ?
The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine reported that common symptoms of the illness include rash, headache, muscle or joint pain accompanied by weakness. Most people develop a fever illness between three and eight days after becoming infected. While rare, severe cases can lead to neurological symptoms similar to meningitis. Additionally, some individuals may experience digestive issues and sensitivity to light.
Sloth Fever Can it be treated ?
According to Goncalves, there are currently no specific treatments or vaccines available for the oropouche virus. Instead of targeting the virus itself, treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and providing general care. Patients are typically advised to rest, drink plenty of fluids, and use over-the-counter pain relievers like paracetamol to manage fever and discomfort.
“While severe cases are infrequent, they may require hospitalization to provide supportive care, particularly if complications arise,” according to Goncalves.
Who is most at risk In Sloth Fever ?
The oropouche virus outbreak in South America has raised concerns about its potential impact on pregnant women and their unborn babies. While much remains unknown about the virus, recent findings suggest a possible link to birth defects and pregnancy complications.
